Chrystina Häuber
The Horti of Maecenas: Explanations for the maps

Map 1: The area of the later Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome and their surroundings during the Republic, with indication of the route of the procession of the Argei (see the orange arrows).

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This reconstruction of the procession route of the Argei on the Mons Oppius and the Fagutal was drawn in order to identify the topographical features mentioned by Varro (Ling. 5,45-54) in his account of this procession, because those have to some extent determined the location and the design of the later Horti of Maecenas.

Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. The red areas indicate the ground-plans of architectures which predated the Horti of Maecenas. The sizes and shapes of those red areas do not represent in all cases the original sizes and shapes of the ground-plans of the ancient structures and buildings in question, because many of these were already heavily destroyed when found or documented, or had occurred in building sites, where it had been impossible to document them in their entirety. To allow comparisons with the here published Maps 2-10, in which appear contemporary and later structures and buildings, the ground-plans of the later structures and buildings were drawn in this map with thin black lines. Excavated sections of the Servian city Wall are drawn as 4 m wide light brown lines, the reconstructed course of the Servian city Wall as 4 m wide dark brown lines, ancient roads as 3 m wide dark blue lines, reconstructed ancient roads as dotted green lines. The area of the Republican >Clay-pit< is drawn as a light grey area. The shaded relief was drawn after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748); following recent studies, the relevant cartographic information was at some points corrected.

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Map 2: The area of the later Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome during the Republic, with indication of the luci (sacred groves), dating to the archaic/ Republican period

Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. The red areas indicate the ground-plans of architectures, which predated the Horti of Maecenas. The sizes and shapes of those red areas do not represent in all cases the original sizes and shapes of the ground-plans of the ancient structures and buildings in question, because many of these were already heavily destroyed when found or documented, or had occurred in building sites, where it had been impossible to document them in their entirety. To allow comparisons with the here published Maps 1; 3-10, in which appear contemporary and later structures and buildings, the ground-plans of the later structures and buildings were drawn on this map with thin black lines. Excavated sections of the Servian city Wall are drawn as 4 m wide light brown lines, the reconstructed course of the Servian city Wall as 4 m wide dark brown lines, ancient roads as 3 m wide dark blue lines, reconstructed ancient roads as dotted green lines, the road >Clivus Pullius/ "Via in Figlinis"/ Vicolo delle Sette Sale< and the >ancient Via Merulana/ VIA IN FIGLINIS<, which in the past have been regarded as the boundaries of the (later) Horti of Maecenas in the west and in the east, are drawn as 3 m wide orange lines. The red dot on Via Mecenate (cf. for that road Map 6) indicates the site of the structure no. >53a site of "Tomba/ Mausoleo": Archaic sanctuary?<. The shaded relief was drawn after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748); following recent studies, the relevant cartographic information was at some points corrected.

Map 3: Phase map of the Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, A: the Augustan period

Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. The red areas indicate ground-plans of structures and buildings, which are datable in the Augustan period, including in some cases Churches (pink areas adjacent to them, and bordered with dotted lines are reconstructed parts of those buildings, grey areas within the ground-plans of ancient buildings are open air spaces; the adjacent light grey areas, bordered by dotted lines, are reconstructed parts of these open air spaces). The sizes and shapes of those red areas do not represent in all cases the original sizes and shapes of the ground-plans of the ancient structures and buildings in question, because many of these were already heavily destroyed when found or documented, or had occurred in building sites where it had been impossible to document them in their entirety.

To allow comparisons with the here published Phase maps of the Horti of Maecenas, nos. 4-6, as well as with the Maps 1; 2; 7-10, the ground-plans of the buildings belonging to the later phases of the Horti of Maecenas, as well as the ground-plans of some post-antique buildings within and near the Horti of Maecenas, are drawn on this map with thin black lines. Excavated sections of the Servian city Wall are drawn as 4 m wide light brown lines, the reconstructed course of the Servian city Wall as 4 m wide dark brown lines, ancient roads as 3 m wide dark blue lines, post-antique roads, copied after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748: cf. Map 10), as 3 m wide light blue lines, reconstructed ancient roads as dotted green lines, cisterns and water basins as blue areas, gardens as green areas.

We know from literary sources that these Horti contained gardens, but their locations are unknown, and it is unfortunately impossible to draw the ground-plan of a "private ancient garden", which the archaeological officer Angelo Pellegrini described in a handwritten report in 1873 (cf. >56 Documented ancient garden<). The raised area between Via Mecenate and Via Guicciardini (cf. for those roads Map 6), by which Maecenas enlarged the plateau of the Oppian Hill (cf. Map 1: >MONS OPPIUS<), is indicated with a light grey area bordered by a dotted line. The shaded relief was drawn after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748).

This map was made with the "AIS ROMA" and is based on the photogrammetric data of the Comune di Roma (now: Roma Capitale). C. Häuber, with technical support by F. X. Schütz, November 2011, reconstruction. The photogrammetric data were generously provided by the Sovraintendenza ai Beni

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Map 4: Phase map of the Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, B: the Imperial period

Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. The red areas indicate ground-plans of structures and buildings, which are datable from the Augustan to the Imperial period, including in some cases Churches (pink areas adjacent to them, and bordered with dotted lines are reconstructed parts of those buildings, grey areas within the ground-plans of ancient buildings are open air spaces; the adjacent light grey areas, bordered by dotted lines, are reconstructed parts of these open air spaces). The sizes and shapes of those red areas do not represent in all cases the original sizes and shapes of the ground-plans of the ancient structures and buildings in question, because many of these were already heavily destroyed when found or documented, or had occurred in building sites, where it had been impossible to document them in their entirety. To allow comparisons with the here published Phase maps of the Horti of Maecenas nos. 3; 5-6, as well as with the Maps 1; 2; 7-10, the ground-plans of the buildings belonging to the late antique phase within the area of the former Horti of Maecenas, as well as those of some post-antique buildings located within and near the Horti of Maecenas, are drawn in this map with thin black lines. Excavated sections of the Servian city Wall are drawn as 4 m wide light brown lines, the reconstructed course of the Servian city Wall as 4 m wide dark brown lines, ancient roads as 3 m wide dark blue lines, post-antique roads, copied after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748: cf. Map 10), as 3 m wide light blue lines, reconstructed ancient roads as dotted green lines, cisterns and water basins as blue areas, gardens as green areas. The raised area between Via Mecenate and Via Guicciardini (cf. for those roads Map 6), by which Maecenas had enlarged the plateau of the Oppian Hill (cf. Map 1: >MONS

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Map 5: Phase map of the Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, C: late antiquity

Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. The red areas indicate ground-plans of structures and buildings, which are datable from the Augustan period to late antiquity, including in some cases Churches (pink areas adjacent to them, and bordered with dotted lines are reconstructed parts of those buildings, grey areas within the ground-plans of ancient buildings are open air spaces; the adjacent light grey areas, bordered by dotted lines, are reconstructed parts of these open air

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To allow comparisons with the here published Phase maps of the Horti of Maecenas nos. 3; 4; 6, as well as with the Maps 1; 2; 7-10, the ground-plans of some post-antique buildings, located within and near the area of the former Horti of Maecenas, are drawn on this map with thin black lines. Excavated sections of the Servian city Wall are drawn as 4 m wide light brown lines, the reconstructed course of the Servian city Wall as 4 m wide dark brown lines, ancient roads as 3 m wide dark blue lines, post-antique roads, copied after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748: cf. Map 10), as 3 m wide light blue lines, reconstructed ancient roads as dotted green lines, cisterns and water basins as blue areas, gardens as green areas. The raised area between Via Mecenate and Via Guicciardini (cf. for those roads Map 6), by which Maecenas had enlarged the plateau of the Oppian Hill (cf. Map 1: >MONS OPPIUS<), is indicated with a light grey area bordered by a dotted line. The shaded relief was drawn after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748).

Map 6: Phase map of the Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, D: diachronic map, containing also those ancient structures which cannot yet be dated, the post-antique toponymy, and the current street plan

Diachronic map of the Horti of Maecenas and their setting within the Augustan Regios, adjacent sanctuaries and public buildings. Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. Red areas represent ground-plans of ancient buildings, including in some cases Churches

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Excavated sections of the Servian city Wall are drawn as 4 m wide light brown lines, the reconstructed course of the Servian city Wall as 4 m wide dark brown lines, ancient roads as dark blue lines, post-antique roads, copied after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748), as light blue lines, reconstructed ancient roads as dotted green lines, cisterns and water basins as blue areas, gardens as green areas. The raised area between Via Mecenate and Via Guicciardini, by which Maecenas had enlarged the plateau of the Oppian Hill (cf. Map 1: >MONS OPPIUS<), is indicated with a light grey area bordered by a dotted line, the yellow dot south of the Church of SS. Pietro e Marcellino indicates an excavation area, where >HORREA?< were found, the red dot on Via Mecenate indicates the site of the structure no. >53a site of Archaic sanctuary?<. The shaded relief was drawn after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748).

Map 7: The Servian city Wall and the sanctuary Isis et Serapis in Regio III in Rome: A site plan and indication of the boundaries of the vineyards (the olive lines), as drawn in the Great Rome map by Giambattista (G. B.) Nolli (1748).

This map is only understandable, when studied together with Maps 8 and 9. It shows the precise boundary of the Horti of Maecenas in the southwest, the here reconstructed course of the Servian city

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Adjacent to the Servian city Wall in the southwest stood a number of sanctuaries: the allegedly mid-Republican (but possibly archaic) shrine of >"MINERVA MEDICA"/ FORTUNA VIRGO< on the former old >Via Curva< (cf. for that road also Map 10; today with different course: >Via Carlo Botta<), and the adjacent >"Porticus with Piscina"<. The latter building accomodated probably in the Neronian period the sanctuary >Isis et Serapis< in the Augustan >Regio III< (cf. Map 6: >REGIO III<), which was in its turn replaced between 443-445 AD by the >Forum: [of] Petronius Maximus<.

This map and Map 8 show the ancient walls and column bases, excavated in the late 19th century and documented in measured drawings, on which the here shown reconstructions (cf. Maps 6 and 9) of the `Porticus with Piscina', of the >Round Nymphaeum/ FONS MUSCOSUS< adjacent to its east Wing, and of the adjacent >Nymphaeum< with rectangular ground-plan are based. In the reconstruction of the `Porticus with Piscina' were additionally integrated the architectural remains of this building that are visible on G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748), comprising that section of its west Wing, which in the `Catasto Pio Gregoriano' (1861) has the no. 361. The substructure on Via Pasquale Villari/ `Terme di Filippo' (cf. Map 9: >Via Pasquale Villari<; >58a-d "Terme di Filippo"<; >a<) was commissioned by Maecenas, who built on its roof terrace the temple of Minerva (Medica), which is recorded by the `Constantinian' regionary catalogues for Regio V (cf. Map 9: >R. V<). Remains of this temple were documented on old maps, the remains of its ground-plan, which appear on Maps 1-9, were copied from G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748). This temple served as Casino in the Vigna Muti-Papazzuri/ Cicolini and survives today in the Convento delle Suore del Buon e Perpetuo Soccorso (cf. Map 9: >Temple: MINERVA MEDICA<).

Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. Red areas represent ground-plans of ancient buildings (pink areas adjacent to them, and bordered with dotted lines are reconstructed parts of those buildings, grey areas within the ground-plans of ancient buildings are open air spaces; the adjacent light grey areas, bordered by dotted lines, are reconstructed parts of these open air spaces). The sizes and shapes of those red areas do not represent in all cases the original sizes and shapes of the ground-plans of the ancient structures and buildings in question, because many of these were already heavily destroyed when found or documented, or had occurred in building sites, where it had been impossible to document them in their entirety. Excavated sections of the Servian city Wall are drawn as 4 m wide light brown lines, the reconstructed course of the Servian city Wall as 4 m wide dark brown lines,

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Map 8: The Servian city Wall and the sanctuary Isis et Serapis in Regio III in Rome: B site plan and selected current buildings (the thin black lines), copied after the photogrammetric data of the Comune di Roma (now Roma Capitale).

This map is only understandable, when studied together with Maps 7 and 9. It was drawn in order to explore the possible connection between two ancient buildings, the sanctuary of >ISIS ET SERAPIS<; >"Porticus with Piscina"<, which was later replaced by the >FORUM: [of] PETRONIUS MAXIMUS< (cf. Map 9), and a previously ignored Hadrianic building, which stood immediately to the south of the latter, in the former >Vigna XII Apostoli/ Reinach< (cf. Map 9: >ISIS ET SERAPIS REGIO III/ FORUM: PETRONIUS MAXIMUS?<). On Giovanni Battista Falda's bird's eye view map of Rome (1676) appears to the south of the terrace of the Oppian (cf. Map 1: >MONS OPPIUS<), on which the `Porticus with Piscina' once stood, a retaining wall with 6 buttresses. Those are drawn in Maps 6-9 as 6 short black lines to the south of the `Porticus with Piscina' (black, because we cannot be sure that they were ancient). Those `buttresses', which could in theory also have been architectural remains of the former Hadrianic building in the former Vigna XII Apostoli/ Reinach, survive today in 6 parallel parcels immediately to the south of Via Ruggero Bonghi (cf. for that road Map 9). I drew in Maps 6-10 Falda's above mentioned retaining wall after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748), who omitted those `buttresses', but Nolli's drawing of this wall helps to locate the `Porticus with Piscina' firmly on the ground.

Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. Red areas represent ground-plans of ancient buildings (pink areas adjacent to them, and bordered with dotted lines

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Map 9: The Servian city Wall and the sanctuary Isis et Serapis in Regio III in Rome: C: diachronic map (detail of Map 6), containing also the post-antique toponymy, and the current street plan.

Diachronic map of the sanctuaries and public buildings, which were adjacent to the Horti of Maecenas in the southwest. Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. Red areas represent ground-plans of ancient buildings, including in some cases Churches (pink areas adjacent to them, and bordered with dotted lines are reconstructed parts of those buildings, grey areas within the ground-plans of ancient buildings are open air spaces; the adjacent light grey areas, bordered by dotted lines, are reconstructed parts of these open air spaces). The sizes and shapes of those red areas do not represent in all cases the original sizes and shapes of the ground-plans of the ancient structures and buildings in question, because many of these were already heavily destroyed when found or

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Excavated sections of the Servian city Wall are drawn as 4 m wide light brown lines, the reconstructed course of the Servian city Wall as 4 m wide dark brown lines, ancient roads as dark blue lines, post-antique roads, copied after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748), as light blue lines, reconstructed ancient roads as dotted green lines, cisterns and water basins as blue areas, gardens as green areas. The raised area between Via Mecenate and Via Guicciardini, by which Maecenas had enlarged the plateau of the Oppian Hill (cf. Map 1: >MONS OPPIUS<), is indicated with a light grey area bordered by a dotted line, the yellow dot south of the Church of SS. Pietro e Marcellino indicates an excavation area, where >HORREA?< were found, the red dot on Via Mecenate indicates the site of the structure no. >53a site of Archaic sanctuary?<. The shaded relief was drawn after G. B. Nolli's Great Rome map (1748).

Map 10: The area of the former Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, with indication of the vineyards (the dark blue lines), as drawn in the Great Rome map by Giambattista (G. B.) Nolli (1748)

Only topographical features, which can be securely located are integrated into this map. The borders of the vineyards are indicated with blue lines, the ground-plans of ancient buildings within these vineyards are indicated with thin grey lines, ground-plans of ancient buildings outside the area of the mapped vineyards with light grey areas (the dark grey areas within the ground-plans of those buildings indicate open air spaces), roads outside the area of the mapped vineyards with olive lines, the ground-plans of post-antique buildings are drawn with thin black lines, excavated sections of the Servian city Wall with 4 m wide light brown lines.

The yellow area on the northeast side of the >Via Curva< indicates a substructure with a building standing on its roof terrace. Nolli characterized this building as ancient, but did not label it. At his time it was used as the Villa building of the >Villa d'Aste<. In the 19th century, this building accomodated a Capuchin monastery (cf. Map 9: >57; 364-366 Capuchin monastery<), which had the following mailing address: Via delle Sette Sale no. 8. The former `Villa d'Aste', which at a later stage had been called `Villa

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